Entropy Framework Analysis of Magnetized Hybrid Nano-Blood Flow Modulated by Cilia Beating in a Curved Endoscopic Arterial Annulus

Modulation of flow by cilia is essential in various biological contexts, such as the circulation of blood in arteries, the transport of mucus within respiratory system, the flow of cerebrospinal fluid inside the brain and the mobility of sperm cells. Considering this flow, especially when blood carries hybrid nanoparticles like gold, copper, aluminum and titania, in a curved endoscopic arterial annulus under a radial magnetic field, is crucial for shedding light on the biomechanics involved in health and disease. This research focuses on the cilia-induced streaming characteristics of blood-carrying hybrid nanoparticles (gold and titania) inside an arterial annulus under a radial magnetic field. Utilizing curvilinear coordinates for the governing equations, the research develops an analytical solution by employing transformations to simplify flow equations under reduced Reynolds number and extended wavelength assumptions. Mathematica is utilized for computational tasks and visualizations of various hemodynamic factors such as blood velocity, temperature, pressure gradient and rise, wall shear stress, heat transfer coefficient, entropy generation, Bejan number and streamline formation. The study reveals that increased curvature and cilia length boost velocity while nanoparticle concentration cools the blood. The entropy evolves with the increased Hartmann number. The blood pressure rise associated with HNB is more remarkable within the peristaltic pumping zone but reduced within the augmented pumping zone. The formation of blood boluses and their dynamics under varying conditions are also discussed, showing that blood loaded with hybrid nanoparticles forms more boluses and that longer cilia enhance bolus trapping. This research could aid in diagnosing and understanding various cardiovascular and neurological conditions, giving insights for both practitioners and researchers.