Caught Between Two Worlds: The Association Between Moral Disapproval of Prohibited Sexual Behaviors and Sexual Shame Among Jewish Religious Adolescents

Abstract Religious adolescents often face a conflict between sexual development and religious values. In this study we examined the relationship between moral disapproval, sexual shame, and religiosity among 1050 Orthodox Jewish adolescents aged 16–18, recruited online. We explored how moral disapproval of various prohibited sexual behaviors—pornography use, viewing non-pornographic sexual content, masturbation, and sexual or romantic touch (same or opposite sex)—related to sexual shame and how religiosity influenced this dynamic. We assessed religiosity, moral disapproval, and sexual shame via questionnaires. Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression with multiple imputations for missing data. Moral disapproval was highest for pornography use, followed by viewing non-pornographic sexual content, masturbation, and sexual or romantic touch. Higher religiosity correlated with greater moral disapproval across behaviors. Notably, higher religiosity was associated with less sexual shame when controlling for gender and moral disapproval. However, moral disapproval regarding masturbation and viewing non-pornographic content moderated this relationship, indicating a nuanced interaction. Findings suggest that Orthodox Jewish adolescents morally disapprove of various sexual-related behaviors and have high levels of sexual shame, especially toward behaviors condemned by their religion. Addressing moral disapproval through clinical and educational interventions can help adolescents reconcile their sexual experiences with their religious values. Future research should examine these dynamics across diverse religious and cultural groups.