Physicochemical Characterization of Desert Bay with Brine Discharge: A Case Study from Caldera Bay, Northern Chile

Seawater desalination is considered the first option to meet the domestic and industrial requirements of freshwater in desert areas, such as the Atacama Desert (Chile). However, its environmental implications remain poorly characterized. This study evaluated the effects of brine discharge from a desalination plant located in Caldera Bay, where fishing and tourism coexist. Sampling was conducted at increasing distances from the outfall to assess physicochemical parameters, sediment metal content, and nutrient concentrations. The results revealed a clear spatial gradient: salinity decreased from 57.75 to 34.87 PSU and nitrate from 10.49 to 4.05 µM. The sediment samples near the outfall showed elevated concentrations of Al, Fe, and Cr(VI). These findings suggest that brine discharge alters water chemistry and sediment quality. This study highlights the need for long-term environmental monitoring and regulatory frameworks to ensure sustainable desalination in sensitive coastal systems.