Decentralized Immunization Monitoring: Lessons Learnt from a Pilot Implementation in Kumbotso LGA, Kano State, Nigeria
This pilot study highlighted the utility of LQAS and BeSD in identifying low-performing wards, barriers, and routine immunization gaps. Barriers included low caregiver education, rural residence, and negative vaccine perceptions/safety. Caregiver education and urban residence were protective factors against delayed and ZD vaccination, suggesting social and systemic barriers, particularly in rural and less educated populations. Antigen-specific coverage showed disparities, with dropouts for multi-dose vaccines exceeding the national thresholds of 10%. Targeted measures addressing education, trust, and systemic issues are needed. Findings emphasize decentralized monitoring, community engagement, and context-specific strategies to reduce ZD children and ensure equitable vaccination in Nigeria.
Authors
- Imam Wada Bello (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0792-2748)
- Fiyidi Mikailu
- William E. Vargas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8460-8491)
- Sulaiman Etamesor
- Joseph J. Valadez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-6592)
- Mustapha Tukur
- Yahaya Mohammed (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-9511)
- Gustavo Caetano Correa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2125-9364)
- Moreen Kamateeka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-9485)
- Hyelshilni Waziri
- Heidi W. Reynolds (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2077-6773)
- Nancy Vollmer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0259-0011)
- Adefisoye Adewole (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2120-8746)
- Adam Attahiru
- Patrick Nguku (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5684-4796)
- Yusuf Yusufari
- Teemar Fisseha
- Mohammed Mahmoud
- Musa Bello
- Talatu Buba Bello
- Ndadilnasiya Endie Waziri
- Bashir Sunusi
Institutions
- Gates Foundation (US)
- Gavi (CH)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (GB)
- African Field Epidemiology Network (NG)
- John Snow (United States) (US)
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NG)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Vaccines
- Published
- 2025-06-20
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070664
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 4.33
Funders
- GAVI Alliance