Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening, ‘Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antidiabetic Activities’ of Sequentially Extracted Ixora Duffii Leaves Extract

Identifying its bioactive compounds is essential for understanding its therapeutic potential. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, inflammation-related diseases, and diabetes underscores the need for effective natural alternatives. Ixora duffii, a medicinal plant from the Rubiaceae family commonly used in traditional Vietnamese medicine, has not been evaluated its biological activities. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activity of the ethanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water extracts of I. duffii leaves. The antioxidant activity was assessed by methods of ABTSŸ+, DPPH, RP, FRAP, and TAC. Anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by assays of protecting red blood cell membranes (RBCs), inhibiting denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), inhibiting nitric oxide (NOŸ). Antidiabetic efficacy was assessed by the inhibitory assays on 2 enzymes of α-amylase, α-glucosidase. Antibacterial activity was determined based on the diameter of the inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against 4 strains of Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, Psedomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli). The results showed that I. duffii leaf extracts had good activity in all tests. The ethyl acetate fraction (EF) exhibited the lowest IC50 values in antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory tests, ranging from 5.15 ± 0.06 to 66.22 ± 0.40 µg/mL. EF inhibited Gram-positive bacteria more effectively than Gram-negative bacteria, with antibacterial zone diameters ranging from 9.13 ± 0.31 to 26.83 ± 0.76 mm, MIC and MBC values ranging from 8 to 32 and 16 to 64 µg/mL. The I. duffii leaves extracts’ effects were linked to their polyphenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin contents. These findings point to the possible use of I. duffii leaves as a natural antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agents. HIGHLIGHTS The chemical composition and biological activity of Ixora duffii, a medicinal plant that is frequently employed in folk medicine of Vietnam, have not been the subject of any specific research. The preliminary examination of the chemical composition of Ixora duffii leaves, as well as their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects in vitro. The leaves of Ixora duffii have significant antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic qualities in vitro because to the presence of alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids. The research findings indicated that extracts exhibit strong antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. The findings suggest that Ixora duffii possesses potential as a natural antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic agent. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT