Research on Optimal Operation of a Microgrid with EV Battery Swapping Stations Based on Stackelberg Game Theory

In response to the issue that large-scale unregulated charging of electric vehicles may impact the power grid and exacerbate peak electricity demand, this paper proposes an optimal model for a microgrid with EV swap stations based on the Stackelberg game theory. First, the structure of a microgrid containing electric vehicle swap stations is introduced. Subsequently, optimization models are established for both the microgrid and swap stations with consideration of peak load shifting. The paper further analyzes the game-theoretic relationship between the microgrid and electric vehicle swap stations, and proposes a Stackelberg game model under real-time pricing conditions. Finally, case simulations are conducted using MATLAB, and the dung beetle optimization algorithm is employed to solve the proposed model. Simulation results based on a specific regional microgrid demonstrate that the proposed model effectively accomplishes peak load shifting tasks, reduces peak period loads, enhances microgrid operation profits, and lowers electric vehicle charging costs.