Intelligent Energy Management System for Standalone Electric Vehicles with Adaptive PID Control and Renewable Power Sources

Electric vehicles (EV s) based on renewable energy sources struggle to maintain a reliable power supply because of intermittent generation and varying load demands. In this work, a novel energy management system (EMS) for a stand-alone EV with Peltier modules as auxiliary energy sources with photovoltaic panels and batteries-a combination not studied thoroughly in the literature-is introduced. The EMS of the proposed system utilizes an intelligent adaptive PID controller for efficient power distribution, which is a huge leap forward compared to traditional control methods, as it effectively shunts surplus power to a dump load as needed. A nonlinear PID voltage regulation controller is also utilized to enhance system reliability with varying operating conditions, allowing smoother operation than traditional PID and sliding mode controllers. Comparative analysis indicates the superior stability, efficiency, and robustness of the proposed system. The EMS also achieves global asymptotic stability and actively mitigates battery stress under sudden acceleration, alleviating a key flaw of existing EV energy management systems. The performance of the system is demonstrated by both simulation and hardware experiment, proving its potential to dramatically enhance the energy efficiency and reliability of electric vehicles.