Integrating User Adaptation and Retrofit Strategies for Overheating Mitigation in Energy-Poor Buildings under Climate Change Scenarios

This study conducts a comprehensive, long-term analysis of passive strategies aimed at mitigating overheating in residential structures occupied by elderly individuals and children up to fifteen years old. In fact, in the European Union, around 50 million households experience energy poverty, exposing vulnerable groups—such as pregnant women, the infirm, people with disabilities, children, and the elderly—to increased risks from overheating. This study conducts a comprehensive, long-term analysis of passive strategies aimed at mitigating overheating in residential structures occupied by elderly individuals and children up to fifteen years old. Focusing on a typical building constructed in Milan during the 1960s, dynamic building energy simulations were utilized to explore various passive strategies combined with the use of ceiling fans. These strategies were evaluated both before and after a standard retrofit, which primarily focused on building insulation. The findings reveal that while natural ventilation and ceiling fans effectively lower indoor temperatures, they may not suffice to maintain comfort conditions for the insulated building in the future, thus necessitating the implementation of an active cooling system. Furthermore, a comparative analysis between baseline and retrofit scenarios was conducted to assess cooling and heating needs, uncovering significant energy, economic, and environmental benefits associated with the studied strategies. Moreover, the study aims to harness the resilience and adaptability of building occupants by incorporating lean and deep renovation strategies into a comprehensive timeline for building renovation. This approach is designed to address the evolving challenges exacerbated by climate change, ensuring the long-term sustainability and comfort of residential buildings.