The potential bias introduced into COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies at primary care level due to the availability of SARS-CoV-2 tests in the general population
Self-testing may bias COVID-19 VE TND studies in primary care if self-testing is high, particularly with low VE. We recommend primary care TND VE studies collect self-testing information to eliminate potential bias. Observational studies are needed to understand the relationship between vaccination, self-testing, and GP consultation, in these studies' source population.
Authors
- Paloma Botella-Rocamora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-6091)
- Ivan Mlinarić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8546-6331)
- Mariëtte Hooiveld (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-1740)
- Mihaela Lazăr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-6026)
- Lisa Domegan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-6703)
- Marlena C. Kaczmarek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5556-276X)
- Gergő Túri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3465-8321)
- Esther Kissling (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7188-8404)
- Cheyenne van Hagen
- Marie‐Anne Rameix‐Welti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5901-3856)
- Susana Monge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-3012)
- Maike Sperk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0320-6111)
- Sanja Filipović (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8166-8042)
- Beatrix Oroszi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8915-0336)
- Ralf Dürrwald (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3432-0438)
- Juan Antonio Linares Dopido
- Alexandra Nunes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6449-8053)
- Charlotte Lanièce Delaunay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7038-325X)
- Sabrina Bacci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-3439)
- Ausenda Machado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1849-1499)
- Neus Latorre‐Margalef (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-2693)
- Raquel Guiomar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-6315)
- Mirjam J. Knol (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0645-5754)
- Noémie Sève
- Iván Martínez‐Baz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3405-2277)
- Cătălina Pascu
- Adele McKenna
- Marit de Lange
- Annika Erdwiens
Institutions
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (SE)
- Inserm (FR)
- Institut Pasteur (FR)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Robert Koch Institute (DE)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Generalitat Valenciana (ES)
- CHU Ambroise Paré (BE)
- Health Service Executive (IE)
- Sorbonne Université (FR)
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra (ES)
- Institute for Research and Development (LK)
- Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo (HR)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NL)
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre (IE)
- Institut Pierre Louis d‘Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (FR)
- Direccion General de Epidemiologia (MX)
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (PT)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (ES)
- Infection et inflammation (FR)
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (SE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Published
- 2025-06-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaf086
- Citations
- 4
- Primary Topic
- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 5.58
Funders
- Irish College of General Practitioners
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Semmelweis Egyetem
- Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
- Robert Koch Institut
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
- National Research, Development and Innovation Office