Regional Trends and Social Factors of Longevity in Uzbekistan

This article analyzes the changes in the number of people aged 90 and above in the Republic of Uzbekistan from 2000 to 2024, with a focus on regional distribution, gender differences, and urban–rural disparities. The study identifies the decline rates within this demographic group, areas with population growth in this category, and the social factors influencing these trends. The primary goal of the research is to determine the factors affecting the longevity of the population, to highlight existing issues, and to propose recommendations for strengthening the social protection of this demographic in the future. According to statistical data, the number of residents aged 90 and above has decreased by 16% nationwide between 2000 and 2024. This trend is particularly noticeable in several regions, including the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Namangan, Andijan, Samarkand, and Surkhandarya. Conversely, in regions such as Fergana and Syrdarya, the number of people over 90 has increased. The study also addresses gender differences. As of 2024, women made up 66.7% of the 90+ population, while men accounted for only 33.3%. This gap is attributed to several negative factors more prevalent among men, such as cardiovascular diseases, tobacco and alcohol consumption, hazardous work conditions, and higher stress levels. In contrast, women tend to lead healthier lifestyles, exhibit greater social activity, and benefit from stronger social support. Their lifelong engagement in labor, close family ties, and emotional stability have also contributed to their longevity. Differences between urban and rural populations were also examined. In rural areas, factors such as prolonged physical activity, cleaner air, and a diet rich in natural products have positively influenced health outcomes. At the same time, better access to healthcare services in urban areas has led to increased longevity in some cities. Nevertheless, the overall number of long-lived individuals remains higher in rural settings.