Socioeconomic development and the rising challenge of depressive disorders: A worldwide examination spanning from 1990 to 2021

The relationship between socioeconomic development and depression burden is complex and non-linear. High-SDI regions benefit from better healthcare access but face rising depression rates due to urbanization, social isolation, and work-related stress, exacerbated by COVID-19. In contrast, low-SDI regions maintain protective social support networks despite limited healthcare resources. Addressing gender disparities and regional variations requires tailored mental-health interventions, focusing on early-life support, gender-specific strategies, and strengthening mental-health infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries.