Indoor thermal comfort in informal settlements: a case study of Mafalala, Maputo

The rapid urbanization of African cities has intensified economic disparities, leading to residential segregation and inadequate housing conditions. This study examines indoor thermal comfort in the Mafalala neighborhood of Maputo, Mozambique, highlighting the severe impact of poor housing on residents’ well-being. For the first time, indoor temperature and humidity were measured and thermal comfort was assessed based on data collected from five dwellings during two campaigns in 2023. Results reveal significant thermal discomfort, particularly during the hot season. The widespread use of galvanized steel sheets for roofing and some walls exacerbates indoor temperatures, with some dwellings reaching up to 49°C during hot spells. While concrete block dwellings provide higher thermal inertia, they remain vulnerable due to poor insulation and ventilation. Using the Adaptive Comfort Model and Physiological Equivalent Temperature to assess thermal comfort and physiological stress, the analysis shows that dwellings are uncomfortable most of the time, exposing residents to moderate to extreme heat stress. Findings highlight the need for materials with higher thermal inertia, enhancing insulation, adequate ventilation, and shading solutions.