COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN INDIA AND ZAMBIA IN RELATION TO CSR

This paper undertakes a comparative examination of how corporate governance is enforced in India and Zambia, with particular attention to its connection to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Relying on a doctrinal methodology, the research explores the legal structures, regulatory mechanisms, and institutional dynamics that shape the practice and oversight of CSR in both countries. According to the report, while India has codified CSR duties under Section 135 of the Companies Act of 2013, creating a legally binding framework for select corporations, Zambia takes a more voluntary and principles-based approach. Weak enforcement procedures and little stakeholder engagement remain common issues in both countries, hurting the effectiveness of CSR projects. The report contends that the incorporation of strong corporate governance principles is critical for successful CSR implementation. It demonstrates how weak governance mechanisms, such as a lack of board accountability and regulatory inefficiencies, can increase agency costs and result in inefficient CSR compliance. The article finishes by proposing legislative and policy reforms to strengthen both CSR and corporate governance, emphasising the importance of increased enforcement, transparency, and stakeholder participation in India and Zambia. This study contributes to a better understanding of how CSR and corporate governance can work together to promote ethical, sustainable corporate behaviour in emerging economies.