Online learning readiness and satisfaction in English as a foreign language at higher education context: the moderating role of engagement

Findings indicated a medium-level, positive, and statistically significant relationship between students' OLR and their OLS. A strong positive correlation was also found between OLR and EOL. Furthermore, engagement (EOL) was shown to significantly mediate the relationship between readiness (OLR) and satisfaction (OLS), suggesting that students' active participation plays a crucial role in achieving satisfaction in online learning environments. Age was not a moderating factor in the readiness-satisfaction link, whereas gender was found to have a significant moderating effect. Additionally, a moderate, positive, and significant relationship was observed between engagement and satisfaction. These results highlight the importance of fostering engagement to enhance students' online learning experiences and outcomes in EFL contexts.