Drenched in microplastic environment: Physiological and metabolic disruptions in fish

Microplastic pollution is an escalating environmental concern, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Fish, as key organisms in these systems, are highly susceptible to the impacts of microplastics, which lead to physiological and metabolic disruptions. The study employed a comprehensive literature search to identify peer-reviewed articles focusing on fish models and organ-specific studies. The findings reveal that microplastic exposure can lead to various adverse effects on fish organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, gills, intestines, brain, and reproductive organs. These effects encompass inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue damage, metabolic and endocrine disruptions. Species-specific variability exists, with some fish showing higher susceptibility. This review summarizes existing research on the effects of microplastics on fish with a focus on organ-specific damage, metabolic changes, and species-specific responses.