Quality of technical and vocational education and training in India: A study of manufacturing industries

In India, Industrial Training Institutes and Polytechnic colleges are among the oldest Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, producing a skilled workforce for various industries. TVET programme are offered primarily through diploma courses in Polytechnics, Industrial Training Institutes, and apprenticeship certificates. Polytechnics and Industrial Training Institutes are primary hubs for TVET training. The core objective of TVET sector is to develop a workforce ready for employment in local, national, and global markets. Moreover, these institutions play a vital role in tackling youth unemployment. However, India's TVET system continues to face longstanding challenges including structural constraints and quality concerns that hinder the employability of technically trained graduates. Based primarily on the responses and insights of employees of manufacturing industries, this study assesses the competence of TVET programme offered across different training institutes in India.