Agronomic Adaptation Strategies and Economic Implications of Climate Change on Agriculture and Allied Sectors in the Northeastern Hill Regions of India

Background: Climate change causes an adverse impact on agriculture and its allied sectors, especially in the North Eastern Hill regions (NEHR) of India. Objectives: This paper aims to review existing agronomic adaptation strategies and assess the economic impacts of climate change. Addressing these fill up the existing knowledge gap on climate change's impact on agriculture and its allied sectors of India’s NEHR. Overview: By reviewing numerous scientific texts and official government reports, the paper primarily addresses the impact of climate change on crop production, forestry, fisheries, and livestock, then it summarizes vital agronomic strategies such as crop diversification, agroforestry practices, integrated nutrient and water management, and climate-resilient cropping systems. Besides, it looks at the economic consequences of crop failures, higher input costs, and their impact on rural livelihoods. Finally, the review summarizes the government schemes operating in India's NEHR. Conclusion: This review highlights that it is necessary to use adaptation strategies that are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly for each region. Giving more support from institutions, enhancing knowledge transfer, and investing in tools that cope with climate change are required to build long-lasting resilience in NEHR farming. This critical review facilitates policymakers in planning and developing a suitable policy framework for climate change in India's NEHR.