INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL REFORMS AND PERFORMANCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AMONG THE DIRECTORATE OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION OFFICERS IN KENYA

Technological advancements have been transforming policing by improving efficiency, responsiveness, and public engagement. However, integrating these technologies posed challenges, especially when law enforcement conduct eroded public trust. In Kenya, the Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI), responsible for crime investigation and public safety, had faced criticism for practices misaligned with its mission. This study examined the impact of technological reforms, including digital forensics, surveillance, and data analytics, on DCI performance. The research was grounded in the Task Technology Fit (TTF) Theory and the Peelian Principles, which provided both functional and ethical frameworks for evaluating police reforms. A mixed-method approach with a descriptive survey design was employed. The study targeted DCI officers across Kenyas eight regional offices, along with civil society and Nyumba Kumi representatives. A multistage sampling strategy selected 384 participants: 230 DCI officers (60%), 50 civil society representatives, and 104 Nyumba Kumi members. Data collection involved structured questionnaires, interviews with Regional Criminal Investigations Officers (RCIOs), and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were thematically analyzed. The findings revealed that technological reforms positively impacted DCI performance by enhancing operational efficiency, accessibility, and transparency. The study recommended that the Kenyan government prioritize infrastructure investment, conduct regular technology upgrades, and expand officer training to fully capitalize on these tools. Additionally, increased resource allocation to the DCI and National Police Service was deemed essential to address gaps in reform implementation and ensure sustainable performance improvements.