Energy and exergy analyses of a novel hybrid active winter heating system

A novel hybrid active winter heating system (HAWHS) equipped with an evacuated tube solar collector has been developed for space heating. The energy balance of the faculty room air, the evacuated tube collector, and the heat exchanger is determined using the first law of thermodynamics. Additionally, an exergy balance analysis is performed to estimate heat losses through the heating system more accurately. The average exergy efficiency of the system is 7.84%, with a corresponding sustainability index of 1.085. The maximum thermal efficiency achieved by the setup is 34.15%.