The innate immune receptor NLRX1 is a novel required modulator for mPTP opening: implications for cardioprotection

NLRX1 is the only NOD-like innate immune receptor that localises to mitochondria. We previously demonstrated that NLRX1 deletion increased infarct size in isolated mouse hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI); however, underlying mechanisms are yet to be identified. Given the crucial role played by mitochondria in cardiac IRI, we here hypothesise that NLRX1 affects key mechanisms of cardiac IRI. Cardiac IRI was evaluated in isolated C57BL/6J (WT) and NLRX1 knock out (KO) mouse hearts. The following known modulators of IRI were explored in isolated hearts, isolated mitochondria; or permeabilised cardiac fibres: 1) mTOR/RISK/autophagy regulation, 2) AMPK and mitochondrial energy production, and 3) mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. NLRX1 deletion increased IRI, and cardiac NLRX1 was decreased after IRI in mouse and pig hearts. NLRX1 ablation caused decreased mTOR and RISK pathway (Akt, ERK, and S6K) activation following IR, without affecting autophagy/inflammation/oxidative stress markers. The RISK activator Urocortin dissipated NLRX1 effects on mTOR, RISK pathway and IRI, indicating that increased cardiac IRI with NLRX1 deletion is, at least partly, due to impaired RISK activation. The energy sensor AMPK was activated in NLRX1 KO hearts, possibly due to slowed mitochondrial respiratory responses (impaired mitochondrial permeability) towards palmitoylcarnitine in permeabilised cardiac fibres. NLRX1 deletion completely abolished calcium-induced mPTP opening, and cyclosporine A (CsA) effects on mPTP, both before and after IR, and was associated with increased mitochondrial calcium content after IR. Mitochondrial sub-fractionation studies localised NLRX1 to the inner mitochondrial membrane. NLRX1 deletion associated with decreased phosphorylation of mitochondrial Got2, Cx43, Myl2, Ndufb7 and MICOS10. The mPTP inhibitor CsA abolished IRI differences between KO and WT hearts, suggesting that the permanent closure of mPTP due to NLRX1 deletion contributed to the increased IR sensitivity of NLRX1 KO hearts. This is the first demonstration that the mitochondrial NLRX1 is a novel factor required for mPTP opening and contributes to cardioprotection against acute IRI through RISK pathway activation and prevention of permanent mPTP closure.

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Publication Details

Journal
Basic Research in Cardiology
Published
2025-06-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-025-01124-x
Citations
5
Primary Topic
Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
7.36

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article

The innate immune receptor NLRX1 is a novel required modulator for mPTP opening: implications for cardioprotection

Thang V. Pham, ZS Onodi, Benedikt Preckel, Anita E. Grootemaat et al.
5 citations
Basic Research in Cardiology
Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
7.36
article

The innate immune receptor NLRX1 is a novel required modulator for mPTP opening: implications for cardioprotection

Thang V. Pham, ZS Onodi, Benedikt Preckel, Anita E. Grootemaat, Edgar E. Nollet, Przemysław Leszek, Jolanda van der Velden, Crissy Rudolphi, Nina C. Weber, Panagiota Nikolaou, Fabio Di Lisa, Nina Kaludercic, Coert J. Zuurbier, Nicole N. van der Wel, Richard de Goeij-de Haas, Rianne Nederlof, D. Bakker, Stephen E. Girardin, Zoltán V. Varga, Markus W. Hollmann, Connie R. Jiménez, Qing‐Dong Wang, Xu Hu, Yang Xiao, Péter Ferdinándy, Jaco C. Knol, Alexander A. Henneman
article en
5 citations

Abstract

NLRX1 is the only NOD-like innate immune receptor that localises to mitochondria. We previously demonstrated that NLRX1 deletion increased infarct size in isolated mouse hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI); however, underlying mechanisms are yet to be identified. Given the crucial role played by mitochondria in cardiac IRI, we here hypothesise that NLRX1 affects key mechanisms of cardiac IRI. Cardiac IRI was evaluated in isolated C57BL/6J (WT) and NLRX1 knock out (KO) mouse hearts. The following known modulators of IRI were explored in isolated hearts, isolated mitochondria; or permeabilised cardiac fibres: 1) mTOR/RISK/autophagy regulation, 2) AMPK and mitochondrial energy production, and 3) mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. NLRX1 deletion increased IRI, and cardiac NLRX1 was decreased after IRI in mouse and pig hearts. NLRX1 ablation caused decreased mTOR and RISK pathway (Akt, ERK, and S6K) activation following IR, without affecting autophagy/inflammation/oxidative stress markers. The RISK activator Urocortin dissipated NLRX1 effects on mTOR, RISK pathway and IRI, indicating that increased cardiac IRI with NLRX1 deletion is, at least partly, due to impaired RISK activation. The energy sensor AMPK was activated in NLRX1 KO hearts, possibly due to slowed mitochondrial respiratory responses (impaired mitochondrial permeability) towards palmitoylcarnitine in permeabilised cardiac fibres. NLRX1 deletion completely abolished calcium-induced mPTP opening, and cyclosporine A (CsA) effects on mPTP, both before and after IR, and was associated with increased mitochondrial calcium content after IR. Mitochondrial sub-fractionation studies localised NLRX1 to the inner mitochondrial membrane. NLRX1 deletion associated with decreased phosphorylation of mitochondrial Got2, Cx43, Myl2, Ndufb7 and MICOS10. The mPTP inhibitor CsA abolished IRI differences between KO and WT hearts, suggesting that the permanent closure of mPTP due to NLRX1 deletion contributed to the increased IR sensitivity of NLRX1 KO hearts. This is the first demonstration that the mitochondrial NLRX1 is a novel factor required for mPTP opening and contributes to cardioprotection against acute IRI through RISK pathway activation and prevention of permanent mPTP closure.

Basic Research in CardiologyVol. 120(4)
Semmelweis University (HU), University of Padua (IT), University of Toronto (CA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR), Wuhan University (CN), Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE), Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL), Neuroscience Institute (IT), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (CN), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL), Institute for Atherosclerosis Research (RU), National Research Council (IT), Città della Speranza Foundation (IT), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE), Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (NL), Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw (PL), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL), University of Amsterdam (NL)
Dutch Cardiovascular Alliance, European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes, Fondation Leducq, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme, HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council
Affordable and clean energy
Openalex Percentile: Top 3%
Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
7.36
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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