Federated learning and TinyML on IoT edge devices: Challenges, advances, and future directions

This paper examines the integration of Federated Learning (FL), TinyML, and IoT in resource-constrained edge devices, highlighting key challenges and opportunities. It reviews FL and TinyML frameworks with a focus on communication, privacy, accuracy, efficiency, and memory constraints. We propose a novel FL-IoT framework that combines over-the-air (OTA) AI model updates, LoRa-based distributed communication, and lossless data compression techniques such as Run-Length Encoding (RLE), Huffman coding, and LZW to reduce transmission cost, optimize local processing, and maintain data privacy. The framework features Raspberry Pi-based aggregation nodes and microcontroller-based IoT clients, enabling scalable, low-power learning across heterogeneous devices. Evaluation includes memory usage, communication cost, energy consumption, and accuracy trade-offs across multiple FL scenarios. Results show improved scalability and significant power savings compared to baseline FL setups. The proposed framework is particularly impactful in applications such as smart agriculture, healthcare, and smart cities. Future directions for real-time, privacy-preserving edge intelligence are discussed.