Seminal plasma protects frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa from neutrophil attack: a complement mediated dynamic

Following cervical artificial insemination, frozen-thawed (FT) ram spermatozoa display reduced fertility compared to fresh spermatozoa, irrespective of sperm motility and viability, likely attributed to an elevated immune response in the ovine cervix. SP has previously been shown to be beneficial to sperm transport in the ovine cervix, yet the components responsible for this protective effect remain unknown. As such, the present study examined the immune dynamics of frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), utilising a neutrophil binding assay. The effect of 25% v/v SP supplementation on binding susceptibility was also investigated. A portion of SP was heat-treated before incubation (HTSP) to isolate the impact of SP proteins. The presence of SP significantly reduced sperm-PMN binding (37.15 ± 0.02%, 46.59 ± 0.02%, 38.83 ± 0.02%) compared to FT alone (62.83 ± 0.02%, 75.74 ± 0.02%, 56.0 ± 0.03%) across all serum groups (no serum, serum and heat-treated serum, respectively). HTSP showed comparable binding susceptibility to the FT treatments, indicating that the protective effect of SP is attributed to a heat-labile factor. Serum significantly increased sperm-neutrophil binding irrespective of SP treatment. However, this was reduced to serum-free levels following heat-treatment, suggesting sperm-neutrophil dynamics are further mediated by protein components within ewe serum, likely complement proteins. The viability of sperm or the presence of freezing medium did not influence PMN binding. Furthermore, PMN viability and therefore binding were not influenced by the presence of serum or SP. Together, the current study presents new evidence for the immunoprotective properties of SP in sheep, which could be leveraged to aid transit through the cervix.