Assessing University Students’ Perceptions of Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean Region: Enhancing Higher Education in Circular Bioeconomy

Abstract Awareness of circular bioeconomy and sustainability must be increased among young people, as they are the future drivers of change towards greater resource efficiency and waste reduction. This study evaluates the current awareness and perceptions of students in the Mediterranean region regarding environmental issues, including climate change, water resources and scarcity, wastewater treatment and reuse, microalgae-based wastewater treatment, and bioproducts derived from microalgae. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to Italian and Spanish students, representing the Mediterranean region. External factors such as age, field of study, degree level, and gender were analysed. Findings revealed that participants demonstrated a high level of awareness regarding climate change and responsible consumption. However, responses from students regarding droughts and water resource quality were highly variable. The study also revealed that a large number of participants were willing to use reclaimed water, provided it did not come into direct contact with crops. However, their understanding of specific aspects of water reuse, such as alternative treatments and water quality levels, was limited. Furthermore, while participants generally demonstrated a high level of acceptance regarding the use of microalgae, a significant knowledge gap was identified concerning their potential for bioproduct production and their application in alternative wastewater treatment processes. To address these knowledge gaps, several recommendations are provided, covering both academic and non-academic pathways. The results of this research can be used to review and update scientific content in curricula, as well as guide water management stakeholders in determining the directions to be pursued in the near future.