Smart Hydroponic System: An AI and IoT-Powered Fertilizer and Plant Health Monitoring Solution for Sustainable Plant Growth

The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture has driven the adoption of hydroponic systems, which enable soilless crop cultivation using nutrient-rich solutions. However, maintaining optimal NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) levels and water balance remains critical for plant health and productivity. This study proposes an IoT-based monitoring system designed to enhance precision in hydroponic farming by continuously tracking NPK nutrients and water conditions in real time. The system employs ESP32 sensors to collect data, which is then analyzed using a Random Forest algorithm to detect nutrient deficiencies and recommend fertilizer adjustments. A Flask-based web application provides remote monitoring and control, while an automated relay system ensures optimal water levels. Additionally, an MQTT protocol enables real-time nutrient tracking and pump control from any location. The primary objective of this work is to improve resource efficiency, reduce manual intervention, and offer a cost-effective, scalable solution for smart hydroponic farming. Experimental results demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in maintaining crop health while minimizing water and nutrient waste, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.