Radio Resource Optimization in LoRa IoT Networks for Smart Cities: An Approach Based on the Firefly Algorithm

The rise of 6G networks and the exponential growth of IoT devices pose significant challenges in resource management and energy efficiency, particularly in dense smart city environments. This paper explores the optimization of IoT networks using LoRa technology, focusing on enhancing energy efficiency through the discrete Firefly Algorithm, which dynamically adjusts key communication parameters such as spreading factor (SF) and transmission power (TP). Tested in realistic scenarios with thousands of devices, multiple gateways, and interference, the proposed method improved received power by up to 40%, which consequently results in efficient energy consumption, thus making it a promising solution for urban IoT networks.