Emphasizes-Response Subdues-Disturbing for PEMFC Fault Diagnosis

In traditional electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) of fuel cells (FCs) during the health status monitoring, the disturbing signal is fixed while the response varies, prompting a new approach that emphasizes-response subdues-disturbing (ERSD). By injecting a current disturbance, this method enhances fault signal features, bypassing complex impedance calculations to focus on subsequent time-frequency dynamics. Generalized S-transform can extracts fault characteristics with intuitive time-frequency textures, overcoming challenges in diagnosing multiple faults, such as gas starvation following flooding, within seconds of voltage drops. Addressing domain shifts between cell and stack, it leverages non-causal features to balance class imbalances across domains. This innovative strategy integrates cell and stack data, mitigating domain bias and enhancing fault diagnosis accuracy and complete the verification in the test bench. The ERSD calculation time reached 0.007 s, and the final accuracy of coupling fault diagnosis reached 91.93%. It enhances the robustness and timeliness of FCs' fault diagnosis for vehicles encountering complex traffic conditions.