Resilient Cyber-Physical Co-Design for Fuzzy Renewable-Integrated Power System Under Frequency-Driven Cyberattacks

The integration of renewable energy sources increases the vulnerability of power systems to cyber-physical threats, particularly denial-of-service (DoS) attacks that exploit transient instabilities caused by renewable generation fluctuations. These attacks disrupt communication channels, leading to cascading frequency deviations and increased risk of system instability. To address this challenge, we propose a multi-layer defense framework integrating attack modeling, adaptive control, and stability guarantees. First, a frequency-driven DoS attack model is constructed by analyzing frequency trends to identify vulnerable regulation periods and support proactive threat prediction. Second, a hybrid information-based reinforcement learning (HIRL) strategy is developed to adaptively optimize transmission intervals under DoS attacks, balancing regulation performance and communication efficiency. Third, a Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy load frequency control with virtual synchronous generator (VSG-LFC) scheme is designed to enhance frequency stability through inertia emulation, mitigating both renewable intermittency and attack-induced oscillations. Lyapunov-based stability analysis is conducted to establish theoretical guarantees for the coupled cyber-physical system. Finally, simulation results on the New England 9-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness and practical applicability of the proposed framework, showing superior frequency stability compared to conventional methods.