Developing a BI-based framework for assessing the smart levels of hospitals

<b>Objective:</b> Business intelligence (BI) applications can result in higher smartness in hospitals. However, up to now, there has been a shortage of validated frameworks for assessing the smart levels of hospitals. Therefore, this study aims to develop a BI-based framework to assess the smart levels of hospitals. <b>Methods:</b> The research method is a combination of literature review, pilot test, and multi-case study. <b>Results:</b> The results of a multiple-case study approve the applicability of the framework since it can explain the status quo of the hospitals. Based on results of framework validity assessment with eight hospitals in Vietnam, the managerial implications for hospital directors to improve their smartness are suggested. <b>Conclusions:</b> The framework is anticipated to give hospitals the knowledge they need to address issues and difficulties in an organized manner, serving as both a benchmark for evaluating current capabilities and a guide for future development. However, the frameworks should be validated in other countries with the involvement of patients for more generalization.