Alcoholic liver disease as a global health problem: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and modern treatment approaches

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a global health issue that annually claims the lives of millions and leads to disabilities. According to the WHO, alcohol accounts for 5.9% of all deaths and 5.1% of global disease burden. In Russia, high alcohol consumption persists, with more than 1 million patients suffering from alcohol dependence. ALD includes a range of conditions, from steatosis to cirrhosis, the progression of which is influenced by factors such as dose, frequency, genetics, gender, and concomitant illnesses. The article details the pathogenesis of ALD, including toxic effects of alcohol, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Diagnostic methods are based on clinical data, laboratory tests, and imaging. Special attention is given to standardized alcohol dosages for risk assessments and safe consumption limits. Treatment of ALD requires a holistic approach, ranging from abstinence to medications like glucocorticoids and hepatoprotectants, and in severe cases, liver transplants. Essential phospholipids play (EFL) a crucial role in therapy. EFL restore hepatocyte membranes, reduce stress, suppress inflammation, prevent fibrosis. Studies have shown that EFL improves clinical and biochemical markers, such as bilirubin, liver enzyme activity (AsAT, ALAT), and lipid metabolism. The medication is well-tolerated and recommended for ALD treatment.