Underwater <i>in-situ</i> low-frequency vibration sensor based on oriented electrospinning

With the increasing importance of low-frequency signals in underwater monitoring, earthquake early warning, environmental noise analysis, and biomedical imaging, traditional sensor technologies face challenges such as limited flexibility, slow response time, and poor adaptability. Although existing sensors, such as electromagnetic, piezoelectric, and capacitive sensors, have made progress in certain areas, their applications are often restricted by complex environments. This paper innovatively proposes an<i>in-situ</i>vibration monitoring method, designing a low-frequency<i>in-situ</i>detection system based on triboelectric nanogenerator technology. The system not only enables efficient low-frequency signal detection in complex underwater environments but also, by incorporating machine learning algorithms, identifies different signal sources, achieving accurate distinction of intrinsic signals. The application of this technology realizes the concept of<i>in-situ</i>detection, breaking through the limitations of traditional sensor systems and providing a new solution for real-time monitoring of low-frequency signals.