Production and bioengineering of artificial nanovesicles: Strategies and applications in nanomedicine

• Artificial nanovesicles overcome limitations of natural extracellular vesicles by offering higher yield, controllable size, and enhanced drug loading capabilities for targeted therapy. • Artificial nanovesicles can be produced using top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid strategies, combining the benefits of natural extracellular vesicles and synthetic nanoparticles for versatile therapeutic applications. • This review provides a comprehensive analysis of artificial nanovesicles development, focusing on production methods, bioengineering strategies, and therapeutic applications across various diseases. • Artificial nanovesicles show potential to transform nanomedicine by providing scalable and clinically viable platforms for personalized and precision therapies. Nanomedicine has advanced significantly with the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and subsequent development of artificial nanovesicles (ANVs). While EVs hold substantial promise for diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery, their clinical translation is impeded by limited production efficiency and intrinsic heterogeneity. Engineered to mimic natural EV functions, ANVs offer superior control over size, composition, and drug loading. This comprehensive review explores the current landscape of ANVs, detailing their development, production strategies and bioengineering enhancements. In this review, ANVs are categorized into three distinct types − biologically sourced, synthetically produced, and hybrid − each defined by unique materials and manufacturing approaches. Biologically sourced ANVs, derived directly from cell membranes, retain native biological functions but face scalability challenges. Synthetically produced ANVs provide consistency and tunability, though they may lack the complex biological interplay of natural EVs. Hybrid ANVs aim to bridge these gaps, yet require further standardization. Furthermore, the review proposes a step-by-step framework to guide future ANV research and development, emphasizing the critical need for standardized production protocols, thorough characterization, and comprehensive biocompatibility assessments. By synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting unresolved challenges, this article aims to steer research towards scalable, clinically viable ANV platforms capable of advancing personalized and precision nanomedicine.