Viktimisasi Sekunder Di Luar Sistem Peradilan Pidana: Bentuk Dan Penyebab Pada Korban Yang Tidak Melaporkan

Secondary victimization often occurs among crime victims, exacerbating their suffering. However, it is not limited to the criminal justice process, as previous studies have primarily focused on. This study not only addresses the limitations and shortcomings of earlier research but also explores the various forms and causes of secondary victimization among victims who choose not to report the crimes they have experienced. The study reveals two significant findings regarding secondary victimization of non-reporting victims. First, the forms of secondary victimization include persistent trauma in children, fatal mob violence against victims of vehicle embezzlement, restriction and confinement of children in early marriage cases, and depression leading to suicide among child victims of bullying. Second, the causes driving secondary victimization in non-reporting victims include psychological effects and disrupted self-concept in child victims of bullying, withdrawal from or engagement in unhealthy relationships among child victims of domestic violence, harmful rationales among child victims of early marriage that may lead to future sexual violence—such as covering up family disgrace and lack of education—as well as patriarchal ideological biases and permissive attitudes of female victims.