Implemented Strategies to Address the Hidden Curriculum in Surgical Training: Opportunities for Change

Reviewed studies support that explicitly addressing the HC and combining multiple teaching methods (e.g. group discussion and reflection) can increase trainee awareness of the HC and bolster confidence in addressing it. However, despite some promising results, evidence remains limited by methodological weaknesses, such as reliance on subjective measures, and conclusions about sustained cultural change cannot yet be drawn. Future studies may consider including objective evaluation methods, sustained follow-up, and delving into both negative and positive influences of the HC to better inform the development of more effective and inclusive surgical training environments.