Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of phosphate-doped bioactive glass nanoparticles as promising candidates for therapeutic applications

This research focuses on synthesizing bioactive glass nanoparticles with different phosphate concentrations to evaluate their physicochemical characteristics and explore their biomedical potential. The nanoparticles were fabricated by melting a mixture of silica, calcium oxide, sodium oxide, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate at 1450 °C, followed by ball milling to obtain the optimal particle size distribution. The study systematically investigated the effect of phosphate content on the nanoparticles' structural properties and bioactive performance. Advanced characterization methods; such as XRD, FTIR, DTA, and FE-SEM-EDX were used to examine structural stability and phosphate-induced surface alterations. In vitro assays revealed dose-dependent antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-arthritic, and anti-inflammatory activities, with higher phosphate content enhancing bioactivity. Results demonstrated enhanced radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition in samples with higher phosphate levels. These findings suggest that phosphate-doped bioactive glass nanoparticles hold significant promise for therapeutic applications. The research advances the understanding of how synthesis parameters influence bioactivity, providing valuable insights for designing next-generation biomedical materials.