Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Study of Pyrus Malus

Background/Aim: Pyrus malus (apple), commonly utilized in traditional medicine, is gaining interest for its therapeutic potential. However, standardized information on its mother tincture and raw drug material is limited. This study aimed to establish a comprehensive profile of Pyrus malus through physicochemical, phytochemical, and chromatographic analyses to support its pharmaceutical standardization. Materials and Methods: The mother tincture and raw drug material of Pyrus malus leaves were analyzed using standard pharmacopoeial procedures. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, alcohol content, total solids, loss on drying, water and alcohol soluble extractive values were measured. Preliminary Phytochemical screening was performed to detect the presence of various bioactive compounds. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was conducted using chloroform: methanol (9:1, v/v) as the mobile phase, with spot visualization under UV light at 254nm and 366nm and after derivation with anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent. Results: The mother tincture showed a pH of 4.58, alcohol content of 41% v/v, and total solid of 2.05 v/v. The raw drug material exhibited a 4.90% loss on drying and an 18.60% water-soluble extractive value. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. HPTLC analysis provided distinct spot patterns, indicating multiple bioactive constituents. The optimized mobile phase demonstrated effective separation, confirming the chemical complexity of the extract. Conclusions: The study successfully established a physicochemical and phytochemical profile of Pyrus malus mother tincture and raw drug material. Chromatographic profile further confirmed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds. These findings support the standardization of Pyrus malus for pharmaceutical applications and encourage pharmacological properties and expand its medicinal applications.