Combining morphological and molecular data to study past foraminiferal communities from a temperate coastal sediment core

This paper presents the results of a dual approach for assessing fossil benthic foraminiferal communities using both traditional morphology‐based analyses and sedimentary ancient DNA ( seda DNA) metabarcoding. The main objectives are to test the feasibility of seda DNA analyses to assess foraminiferal biodiversity in temperate shelf sediments (Le Croisic, France) off a major river system through time (Mid‐ to Late Holocene), and to point out the similarities and differences between classical and molecular methods. Our results show that, in contrast to the high foraminiferal diversity obtained from classic morphological analysis (over 140 taxa), the seda DNA analysis yielded only 20 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which can be considered as equivalent to species. This strongly suggests a bad preservation of foraminiferal DNA downcore, likely due to the relatively ‘high’ temperature of the study site (14 °C) and/or to a methodological bias (e.g. insufficient amount of extracted sediment). In the total seda DNA, more than 90% of the reads were assigned to monothalamids (organic‐shelled foraminifera). In contrast, only a small number of mineralized taxa, highly dominant when identified using the morphological approach, were detected. This could be due to the naturally higher abundance of monothalamids compared to hard‐shelled foraminifera. While this abundance is reflected in seda DNA, it is not preserved in fossil morphological assemblages. In addition, the seda DNA of monothalamids might be easier to extract and their barcode to amplify than hard‐shelled foraminifera. The discrepancies between the microfossil data and seda DNA also include several species (e.g. Ammonia confertitesta (T6), Elphidium oceanense (S3), Nonionella sp. T4 and Nonionella sp. T6) that were rarely or not at all found in the fossil material which might be an indication of the presence of propagules, morphologically undetected in the >63 μm size fraction used. Finally, the presence of sequences of A. confertitesta and fossil specimens in the deep layers of the study cores suggests that this species, considered until now as recently invasive on the European coast, could have been present in the Atlantic coast several thousand years ago, much before any anthropogenic activity involving international shipping and commercial trades.