Integrating causal analysis based on system theory with network modelling to enhance accident analysis

This study integrates Causal Analysis based on System Theory (CAST) with network modelling to enhance accident analysis in aviation ground handling. Using 117 Passenger Boarding Steps (PBS)-related incident reports, the CAST analysis identified 74 flaws across 40 control actions, leading to four loss types. Approaching, inspecting, adjusting, and repositioning PBS were the most critical control actions contributing to incidents. Key contributory factors included issues around training, workload management, situational awareness, performance management, recruitment, organisational culture, procedures, equipment maintenance, and financial constraints. The integration of network modelling into CAST enhanced accident analysis by visualising complex interactions, offering deeper insights into accident causation and identifying critical nodes. This study demonstrates that combining CAST with network modelling enhances the understanding of accidents and safety risks, supporting evidence-based decision-making for aviation safety professionals and improving ground handling risk management strategies.