Fabricating a low-cost 3D printed transparent temporal bone model for anatomy teaching in medical education

Introduction: The intricate anatomy of the human temporal bone poses challenges for medical students in achieving a comprehensive understanding. Additionally, the avaibility of temporal bones from cadavers is limited, and specimen processing is costly. Therefore, we aimed to describe the process of 3D reconstruction and the manufacturing of an assemblable temporal bone model from computed tomography scan images for anatomical study using cost-effective 3D printing techniques. Methods: The three-part 3D model of the right healthy temporal bone of an anonymous patient was segmented and edited using 3D Slicer and Meshmixer software. The facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, and labyrinth were hollowed out. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing technology, utilizing transparent liquid resin, was employed to print the model at 200 percent of its actual scale. The model then underwent post-processing with ultraviolet (UV) light and the attachment of magnets. The hollowed structures were injected with dye to improve visualization. Finally, two layers of glossy paint were applied to the model’s surface to enhance transparency. Results: The finished model featured three transparent, assemblable parts that facilitated the detailed observation of internal structures. The model clearly demonstrated the anatomical relationships between the ossicles, labyrinth, three segments of the facial nerve, internal carotid artery, and mastoid air cells, each in distinct colors. Conclusions: We successfully created a physical temporal bone model employing low-cost resources that are easily accessible in low- and middle-income countries. It can supplement other teaching modalities in the study of temporal bone anatomy.