Aggregation and biofilm formation of mono- and co-culture <i>Candida</i> species and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> are affected by nutrients in growth media

<i>Candida</i> species and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> coexist in nosocomial infections. These interkingdom interactions are associated with oral biofilm formation, leading to various oral diseases. This study elucidated the interkingdom interactions of these microorganisms, particularly their aggregation and biofilm formation, in three different media. <i>Candida auris, Candida albicans, Candida lusitaniae, Candida dubliniensis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> were used in this study. Aggregation assays were conducted to determine planktonic interaction, and biofilm assays were performed to investigate intra- and interkingdom interactions in a static biofilm environment. Most <i>Candida</i> spp. exhibited a high auto-aggregation percentage in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with yeast extract (BHIYE). In addition, co-culture biofilm with <i>S. aureus</i> significantly reduced the total cell counts of <i>Candida</i> spp. compared to mono-culture (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In conclusion, co-aggregation, biofilm biomass and total cell count were species- and growth medium-dependent, and <i>S. aureus</i> interacted antagonistically with <i>Candida</i> spp.