Impact of Refuge on the Dynamical Behavior of a Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model Under Allee Effect in Prey Species

The current study focuses on the impact of refuge on the dynamical behaviour of a tri-trophic food chain model under the Allee effect in prey species. The model investigates the asymptotic behaviour of multiple equilibrium points and the influence of the Allee effect and prey refuge on the systems dynamics. The primary focus is on analysing how the Allee effect and prey refuge influence the systems dynamics. Furthermore, analytical results are validated through numerical simulations.