Ameliorative efficacy of aqueous extract of clove bud (AEC) against smokeless tobacco product induced antioxidative damages: An experimental study on male albino rat

The effects of STP (zarda) on several metrics, such as antioxidant and histological indices, were investigated. Such chemicals, together with active likely components, were found in the specific STP (zarda) and clove bud extract (AEC) using LCMS and FTIR analysis. Furthermore, phytocompounds that effectively treat STP-induced changes (antioxidant defence state and histological alteration) were identified to evaluate the efficacy of clove bud aqueous extract (AEC). This study also examined the comparative efficacy of vitamin C and AEC. Gr-I (saline control), Gr-II (STP treated only, 85 mg/kg bw), Gr-III (AEC treatment only, 200 mg/kg bw), Gr-IV (STP+Vit C, 100 mg/kg bw), and Gr-V (STP+AEC, 200 mg/kg bw) were the four groups of animals (100–130 gm body weight). Each dosage was administered for a maximum of four weeks. After the animals were killed, blood samples were taken, and serum was made for several investigations. Gr-III (only AEC treated) did not exhibit any toxicity in either of the two parameters. However, Gr-V (STP+AEC treated) recovered better than Gr-IV (STP+vit C, 100 mg/kg bw) in all parameters. Furthermore, this study showed that, in contrast to the control group (Gr-I), SOD and Catalase levels dramatically (P<0.05) reduced in Gr-II (only STP) and elevated again in Gr-IV (STP+vit C, 100 mg/kg bw). Histological analyses showed a significant change in tissue morphology. According to the results of the entire study, using STP causes major G.I. health issues because it contains addictive chemicals. Still, the presence of bioactive compounds in the AEC has greatly reduced the harm caused by STP.