Utilizing Nano-TiO2 and GGBS to Improve Concrete’s Acid Resistance and Durability

Although concrete is a commonly used building material, it suffers deterioration in acidic surroundings. Significant structural damage and expensive repairs can follow from this. This work examined the strength and durability of M40 and M50 grade concrete incorporating 30% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and 1% titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Several tests, including an acid resistance and fast chloride penetration test (RCPT), evaluated this altered concrete's performance. Over 28, 90, and 180 days, the acid resistance test assessed the effects of 5% sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The modified concrete showed less weight loss and more residual compressive strength than conventional concrete, according the findings. The calculations of the acid durability factor verified that the modified concrete mix showed better resistance against hostile chemical surroundings. Measuring the overall charge passed through concrete specimens, the Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) evaluated chloride ion permeability. Classifying the modified concrete as “very low”, it displayed a notable decrease in chloride penetration with roughly (50–60)% lower permeability for M40 and (40–50)% for M50 compared to the control mix.