UDAWA Gadadar: Agent-based Cyber-physical System for Universal Small-scale Horticulture Greenhouse Management System

Digitalization in agriculture is becoming increasingly important for improving efficiency and sustainability, but small-scale farmers often face difficulties in adopting digital technologies because of various constraints. This study proposes an open-source intelligent system platform called UDAWA (Universal Digital Agriculture Workflow Assistant) to assist small-scale farmers in digitizing greenhouse management processes. The first variant of this platform, UDAWA Gadadar, was designed as a cyber-physical agent to control and monitor greenhouse instruments. UDAWA Gadadar was built using a 5C architecture approach and farmer-centric design thinking, utilizing an ESP32 microcontroller and a power sensor module to ensure performance and energy efficiency. The UDAWA Gadadar prototype was tested in a small-scale greenhouse with promising results, with an average remaining memory of 175 KB in the non-SSL mode and 122 KB in the SSL mode. Cost analysis indicates that this platform is relatively affordable for small-scale farmers, with a total component cost of USD 33.7 per unit. A decision matrix analysis involving five different greenhouse models in Pancasari Village, Buleleng Regency, Bali, showed that UDAWA Gadadar has high relevance and potential for adoption, particularly in models GH3 and GH5, with compatibility scores of 0.27. This study contributes to the development of appropriate and accessible digitalization solutions for small-scale agriculture, with future work focusing on developing other physical agent variants and a digital twin for enhanced cultivation simulations.