Immunomodulatory potentials of Andrographis paniculata and Allium sativum in managing plasmodium infections

Malaria continues to be among the leading causes of death among endemic nations. Both innate and adaptive immunological responses are the immunomodulatory mechanisms of malaria pathogenesis that can be utilized in developing novel treatments. Plant-derived bioactive components could serve as potential alternative drugs for malaria therapies by targeting immunomodulatory pathways. Andrographis paniculata and Allium sativum have demonstrated a strong anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory mechanism principle in this regard. This review synthesizes and provides scientific evidence of the immunomodulatory mechanism of A. paniculata and A. sativum and their impact on managing Plasmodium infections. Findings indicate that A. paniculata and A. sativum modulate immune responses, suppress proinflammatory cytokines, activate Th1 cells, and enhance macrophage function, making them potential treatments for Plasmodium infections via the immunomodulatory pathway. Both plants regulate inflammatory responses during Plasmodium infections by inhibiting NF-κB, reducing cytokine storms, preventing tissue damage, and promoting parasite clearance. The plant compounds also reduced oxidative stress by neutralizing Reactive Oxygen Species, protecting vital organs like the liver and spleen through antioxidant defence. The evidence indicates that combining plants could boost IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 production, enhancing macrophage activation and Plasmodium clearance and reducing inflammation severity. In conclusion, these plants' synergistic immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties could be harnessed to manage Plasmodium infections. These plants can enhance immune responses, limit parasite growth, and prevent excessive inflammation, making them viable candidates for adjunct therapy in malaria treatment.