Penetration testing as a means of increasing the level of information systems cyber protection

Penetration testing is one of the primary methods for assessing the cybersecurity level of in-formation systems and a means of improving it. The security evaluation of a system or network is conducted by partially simulating the actions of external attackers attempting to infiltrate it, as well as internal malicious actors. This process is based on an active analysis of the system to identify any potential vulnerabilities that may arise due to improper system configuration, known and unknown hardware and software defects, or delays in procedural or technical coun-termeasures. Such analysis is conducted from the perspective of a potential attacker and must include the active exploitation of system vulnerabilities, at least during the portion of testing performed by an expert. Typically, a penetration test reveals a certain set of vulnerabilities within the tested system. The gathered information is compiled into a standardized report pre-sented to the system owner. A crucial part of this report is the analysis, which combines this information with a detailed assessment of the potential impact on the organization and outlines the scope of technical and procedural countermeasures to mitigate risks. The primary advantage of penetration testing is the early identification of risks, since it helps to detect weaknesses be-fore they can be exploited by malicious actors. Additionally, regular testing enables organiza-tions to enhance their reputation by demonstrating responsibility in cybersecurity and cyber de-fense. Overall, penetration testing is becoming increasingly mandatory across various regions and industries, as it helps organizations comply with standards such as ISO 27001, SOC 2, PCI DSS, and others. Today, the development of penetration testing aligns with trends toward fur-ther automation, the use of cloud-based tools, artificial intelligence in vulnerability analysis, and the growing role of tests incorporating social engineering techniques. Penetration testing will continue to expand and develop both methodologically and instrumentally.