<i>In Situ</i> : Microbial Aerodynamic Microneedles for Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

<i>In situ</i> microbial aerodynamic microneedles (MM-MNs) represent an autonomous transdermal drug delivery platform that utilizes the gas generated by microbial metabolism (e.g., H₂, NO, and H₂S) to propel drugs into deep tissues, surpassing the penetration limits of traditional microneedles reliant on external stimuli (heat/light/mechanical force). By leveraging controlled microbial metabolism, MM-MNs enable energy-independent, spatiotemporally precise delivery with enhanced targeting and bioavailability. Gas-driven propulsion combines with bioactive gas functions (e.g., NO-induced vasodilation and H₂S-mediated anti-inflammation) to modulate disease microenvironments. The system's biocompatibility (probiotic strains and <i>Lactobacillus</i>) and scalability (cost-effective patch design) further support its potential for localized therapies (skin diseases and tumors) with minimized systemic exposure. This innovation bridges microbial biotechnology and precision medicine, offering a paradigm shift in transdermal delivery.