A Blockchain-Driven Hierarchical Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for VANETs With Cloud-Edge Collaboration

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are the cornerstone of intelligent transportation systems, designed to enhance road safety and traffic efficiency. However, their dynamic and distributed nature poses significant challenges for secure communication and key management. Traditional authentication and key agreement (AKA) schemes for VANETs often rely on centralized trust architectures, resulting in system security and reliability issues. Despite the introduction of distributed trust architecture schemes that have appeared recently, they fail to solve one issue, i.e., how the key agreement requests can be authenticated in the distributed communication scenario where the authentication authorities are all non-full-credible and have differentiated credibility. To solve this issue, we propose a hierarchical AKA scheme for VANETs with cloud-edge collaboration powered by consortium blockchain. Specifically, we first proposed a vehicle reputation evaluation algorithm for evaluating the trustworthiness of the vehicle, so that the AKA requests sent by vehicles with low reputation will be rejected. On the basis of the reputation evaluation algorithm, we proposed a hierarchical threshold-based AKA scheme for VANETs where cloud servers (CSs) and edge servers (ESs) can collaboratively authenticate the AKA requests, so that the authentication service can be trusted upon getting authenticated by a series of valid combinations of CSs and ESs. Both formal and informal security proofs validate the security of our proposed scheme, and simulation experiments demonstrate its efficiency.