Reimagining diaspora humanitarianism in the digital age: exploring the near and far diaspora dynamics among Congolese refugees in Nairobi, Kenya

The study of diasporas has traditionally focused on the relationship between the ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South,’ while often overlooking the transnational and trans-local connections that exist across different territories. To date, there has been limited research on how diasporas that are geographically close to their homelands engage in humanitarian efforts and development initiatives. In this case study of the Banyamulenge Congolese refugee community in Nairobi, Kenya, we explore new forms of technology-mediated diaspora humanitarianism. We demonstrate how social media platforms, particularly YouTube, are reshaping power dynamics between the ‘near-and-far diaspora,’ especially among the youth. Importantly, we highlight how traditional support systems, such as the ‘mutuality system’, have been successfully adapted to the digital age and integrated into platforms like WhatsApp. The impact of multiple crises — including humanitarian and economic hardships both in their home country and in exile, the COVID-19 pandemic, and legal uncertainties surrounding refugee rights — alongside increased digital connectivity has significantly altered roles and responsibilities in diaspora humanitarianism.