Examination of the Factorial Validity and Reliability of the High-Frequency Short Version of the ZTPI

This study examined the factorial validity and reliability of the high-frequency short version of the ZTPI developed by Peng et al. (2021). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using data on 358 male and female university students. The results showed that a model fit within an acceptable range, which generally supported factorial validity. However, internal consistency was low overall, while gender equivalence was unsupported. Finally, based on these results, the positioning of the scale and considerations for its use were discussed.