Governing shared water to achieve the SDGs: A case study of the Mekong River, Chiang Khong District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand

Water is crucial for life, ecosystems, and economic activities, necessitating its equitable distribution and sustainable management to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 6, “clean water and sanitation,” includes specific emphasis on integrated water resources management (IWRM) and the protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems, which are mentioned in targets 6.5 and 6.6. Implementation of IWRM frameworks involving governments, local communities, and civil society is essential for effective shared water governance. This study examines the Mekong River Basin as a shared river basin that is exacerbated by rapid economic development and hydropower projects that reduce sediment flow, disrupting ecosystems and local livelihoods. The study utilized qualitative research, in which the data were collected by in-depth interviews with a purposive sampling method based on the Chiang Khong population’s career sector and the relevant literature. It has been found that governance challenges in managing shared water resources include complex political dynamics and inadequate legal frameworks, and the absence of inclusive decision-making exacerbates tensions among riparian countries. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that considers ecological, socio-economic, and political factors. Applying the concept of governing the commons to the Mekong Basin faces challenges, especially power imbalances and competing interests. However, it offers opportunities for cooperation and collective action. Stakeholders, including national governments, the private sector, NGOs, and local residents, play unique roles in promoting sustainable water management. This study advocates for a holistic approach to water governance, integrating ecological, socio-economic, and political considerations and emphasizes the roles of national governments, the private sector, NGOs, and local communities in promoting sustainable water management. Addressing the shared water issues requires multi-stakeholder collaboration to achieve the SDG targets and ensure the Mekong Basin’s long-term water resource and ecosystem sustainability.